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Figure 4.23 shows a block diagram of an empirical Zwicker‐type dynamic loudness meter (DLM) that includes the spectral and temporal loudness processing portrayed in Figures 4.21 and 4.22 [22]. First, the spectral processing (1 and 2) shown in Figure 4.22 using the critical band filter bank concept, upward spread of masking (7), and spectral summation (8) are illustrated. Second, the temporal processing discussed in relation to Figure 4.23 is observed as shown in the…

The term loudness adaptation refers to the apparent decrease in loudness that occurs when a subject is presented with a sound signal for a long period of time [45]. The effect has been studied extensively by presenting tones for an extended period of time to one ear and then allowing the subject to adjust the level of…

The loudness of sounds was discussed in Sections 4.3.2 and 4.3.5, where it was shown that A‐weighted sound pressure level measurements underestimate the loudness of broadband noise. (See Figure 4.16.) Methods to evaluate the loudness of broadband noise based on multiband frequency analysis have been devised by Stevens [44], Kryter [16], and Zwicker [12]. The Stevens method was originally…

It is well known from music that humans do not hear the frequency of sound on a linear scale. A piano keyboard is a good example. For each doubling of frequency (known as an octave), the same distance is moved along the keyboard in a logarithmic fashion. If the critical bands are placed next to…

Another important factor is the way that the ear analyzes the frequency of sounds. The critical band concept already discussed in Section 4.3.5 is important here as well. It appears that the human hearing mechanism analyzes sound like a group of parallel frequency filters. Figure 4.18 shows the bandwidth of these filters as a function of their center frequency.…

Figure 4.6 in this chapter shows that the ear is most sensitive to sounds in the mid‐frequency range around 1000–4000 Hz. It has a particularly poor response to sound at low frequency. It became apparent to scientists in the 1930s that electrical filters could be designed and constructed with a frequency response approximately equal to the inverse…

Like loudness (Section 3.2), pitch is another subjective aspect of hearing. Just as people have invented scales to express loudness, others have invented scales for pitch. Stevens et al. [32] were the first to produce a scale in mels. A pure tone of 1000 Hz at a sound pressure level of 40 dB has a pitch of…

The masking phenomenon is well known to most people. A loud sound at one frequency can cause another quieter sound at the same frequency or a sound close in frequency to become inaudible. This effect is known as masking. Broadband sounds can have an even more complicated masking effect and can mask louder sounds over a…

The way in which the brain interprets the neural pulses is still a matter for research. However, various experiments have been conducted on groups of people to determine people’s average sensation of loudness, etc. We should stress that no one’s hearing is exactly the same as any other and hence we must find statistical responses.…

Figure 4.5 presents the auditory field for an average, normal young person who has not suffered any hearing loss or damage. The lower curve represents the hearing threshold, that is, the quietest audible sound at any frequency. The upper curve represents the discomfort threshold, that is, the sound pressure level at any frequency at which there…