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Let the fraction of CO, CO2, N2, and O2 by volume of dry exhaust gases by C1, C2, N, and O, respectively, obtained by the Orsat apparatus. The volumetric analysis can be converted into gravimetric analysis, as shown is Table 1.5.   Table 1.5 Conversion from volumetric to gravimetric analysis Σ(4) = ΣX = 28 C1 + 44 C2 + 28 N…

Let C, H, O, and S = percent by mass of C, H2, O2, and S in fuel. Then, the mass of O2 required per kg of fuel for complete combustion Percentage of O2 by mass in air = 23% ∴ Minimum amount of air required in kg per kg of fuel for complete combustion

For any hydrocarbon fuel, we have xCnH2n + 2 + yO2 → aCO2 + bH2O where x, y, a, and b are constants to be evaluated. Equating the weights of C, H, and O on both sides of the equation, we have xn = a or a = xn x(2n + 2) = 2b or b = [x/2] (2n + 2) = x(n + 1)   2y = 2a + b or y = a + [b/2] = xn + [x/2] (n + 1) = [x/2] (3n + 1) Substituting there…

The following chemical equations are used to calculate the amount of oxygen required and the amount of gases produced by the combustion of fuel, by using the molecular weight of the elements in kg:

The cooling of flue gases to room temperature is not possible in most combustion processes. Therefore, the amount of latent heat of water vapour goes waste. Accordingly, for the calculation of the lower calorific value, we assume that the water vapour formed during combustion leaves as vapour.   LCV = HCV − heat carried away…

All fuels containing hydrogen produce water vapour during combustion. If these products of combustion are cooled to the room temperature, the water vapour will condense evolving its latent heat of vapourisation, producing the maximum amount of heat per kg of fuel. This heat is known as higher calorific value (HCV).

The calorific value of a solid or liquid fuel is defined as the heat evolved by the complete combustion of unit mass of fuel. The calorific value of a gaseous fuel is expressed as the heat evolved by the complete combustion of one cubic metre of gas at standard temperature and pressure. There are two…

The ultimate analysis gives the percentage of each chemical element in coal, along with ash and moisture. This analysis gives the following components on mass basis: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), sulphur (S), moisture (M), and ash (A). Thus, C + H2 + O2 + N2 + S + M + A = 100 %…

The proximate analysis of coal is carried out to determine its behaviour when heated. It gives the percentage of fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture content, and ash content. This analysis is sufficient for commercial purposes. The following procedures are adopted to estimate the various contents of coal:

The analysis of solid fuels may be carried out in two ways: proximate analysis and ultimate analysis.