Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.
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CONSTANT PRESSURE FORMATION OF STEAM
Consider 1 kg of ice under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of −10°C contained in a vessel. If we heat the ice gradually keeping the pressure constant, the following changes will take place, as shown in Fig. 2.1: Figure 2.1 Constant pressure temperature-heat added diagram for steam and water
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PURE SUBSTANCE
A pure substance may be defined as a system that has the following characteristics: Examples of pure substance are atmospheric air, mixture of steam-water, combustion products of a fuel, etc.
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Construction
It is used to determine the higher calorific value of gaseous fuels. Figure 1.4 shows the components of the calorimeter. It consists of a gas burner B with arrangements to measure flow quantity and pressure of gas supplied to burner. A gas pressure regulator is used in the gas supply line to control gas flow and pressure fluctuation. The…
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BOMB CALORIMETER
1 Construction This is used to determine the higher calorific value of solid and liquid fuels. The bomb calorimeter shown in Fig. 1.2 consists of a strong steel shell, called the bomb, which can withstand a pressure of about 100 atm. The electric supply is provided at the bottom of the bomb. The silica or quartz crucible…
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Test Procedure
Before starting the experiment it is essential that the chemical solutions in the flask are fresh and free from pollution. Then, water is filled in the eudiometer jacket and salt water in the aspirator bottle. To expel the residual gases, if any, from the eudiometer, the three-way valve is opened to the atmosphere and the…
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Orsat Apparatus Construction
The construction of the Orsat apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.1. It consists of three flasks a, b, and c each containing different chemicals for absorbing CO2, O2, and CO. The percentage of N2 is obtained by difference. The percentage of SO2 in the gases cannot be measured by this apparatus. The absorbents used in flask a are NaOH or KOH solution to absorb CO2. The…
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DETERMINATION OF EXCESS AIR SUPPLIED FOR GASEOUS FUEL
Let the volumetric fractions of gaseous fuel and dry flue gases be known. Let V = volume of flue gases formed in m3 per m3 of fuel when air supplied is just sufficient for complete combustion. V1 = volume of excess air supplied in m3 per m3 of fuel gas. Total volume of dry flue gases formed per m3 of gaseous…
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DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM QUANTITY OF AIR REQUIRED FOR COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS FUEL
Let the volumetric analysis of gaseous fuel be known. The chemical equations for gaseous fuel are as follows: Let the volume fraction of the gaseous fuel contain H2, CO, CH4, C2H4, CO2, and N2, the last two being incombustible gases. The quantity of O2 required m3/m3 of gas Air contains 21% of O2 by volume. Quantity of air required
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DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE OF CARBON IN FUEL BURNING TO CO AND CO2
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DETERMINATION OF AIR SUPPLIED
1 Percentage of Carbon by Mass in Fuel and Volumetric Analysis is Known We know that 1 kg of flue gas contains kg of CO and kg of CO2 Amount of carbon in kg of Amount of carbon in kg of Total mass of carbon in 1 kg of flue gas kg Let C = mass fraction of carbon…
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