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1 Sources of Air Infiltration in Condenser The amount of air leakage should not be more than 5−15 kg/10000 kg of steam. 2 Effects of Air Infiltration in Condensers

Let   ṁw = mass flow rate of circulating water, kg/h ṁs = mass flow rate of steam condensed, kg/h t = temperature of wet exhaust steam, °C tc = temperature of condensate, °C hf = enthalpy of water at t°C, kJ/kg hfg = enthalpy of evaporation of steam at t°C, kJ/kg x = dryness fraction of exhaust steam tiw = inlet temperature of cooling water, °C tow = outlet…

Dalton’s law states that Example 8.1 A vacuum of 67 cm of Hg was obtained with the barometer reading of 75 cm of Hg. The condensate temperature is 20°C. Correct the vacuum to a standard barometer of 76 cm and hence determine the partial pressure of air and steam. Also find the mass of air…

A vacuum gauge is used to measure the vacuum in the condenser. Figure 8.10 shows a vacuum gauge. It consists of a glass tube containing mercury to indicate the barometric pressure and another mercury tube connected to the condenser and vacuum gauge. The vacuum gauge has readings marked in cm of Hg. It represents the height at…

1 Jet Condensers Advantages Disadvantages 2 Surface Condensers Advantages Disadvantages

In evaporative condenser, steam circulates in pipes surrounded by water spray, as shown in Fig. 8.9. It is used when there is scarcity of cooling water. The cooling water is allowed to evaporate under a small partial pressure. It consists of gilled piping bent to form many rows and is placed vertically. Steam passes through these pipes.…

In such a condenser as shown in Fig. 8.8, the steam passages are all around the periphery of the shell. The exhaust steam converges to the centre of the shell where there are no tubes. The air is removed by the air pump suction from the centre. Some of the exhaust steam also passes to the…

2 Surface Condensers Water Tube Surface Condenser In this type of surface condenser, water flows in the tubes and steam surrounds it. Thus, the condensate is directly available as an ideal boiler feed. A surface condenser produces more vacuum and any type of cooling water can be used. However, it is bulky and the initial…

Steam condensers may be broadly classified into two categories.