Category: Fuel and Combustion

It is used to determine the higher calorific value of gaseous fuels. Figure 1.4 shows the components of the calorimeter. It consists of a gas burner B with arrangements to measure flow quantity and pressure of gas supplied to burner. A gas pressure regulator is used in the gas supply line to control gas flow and pressure fluctuation. The…

1 Construction This is used to determine the higher calorific value of solid and liquid fuels. The bomb calorimeter shown in Fig. 1.2 consists of a strong steel shell, called the bomb, which can withstand a pressure of about 100 atm. The electric supply is provided at the bottom of the bomb. The silica or quartz crucible…

Before starting the experiment it is essential that the chemical solutions in the flask are fresh and free from pollution. Then, water is filled in the eudiometer jacket and salt water in the aspirator bottle. To expel the residual gases, if any, from the eudiometer, the three-way valve is opened to the atmosphere and the…

The construction of the Orsat apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.1. It consists of three flasks a, b, and c each containing different chemicals for absorbing CO2, O2, and CO. The percentage of N2 is obtained by difference. The percentage of SO2 in the gases cannot be measured by this apparatus. The absorbents used in flask a are NaOH or KOH solution to absorb CO2. The…

Let the volumetric fractions of gaseous fuel and dry flue gases be known. Let V = volume of flue gases formed in m3 per m3 of fuel when air supplied is just sufficient for complete combustion. V1 = volume of excess air supplied in m3 per m3 of fuel gas. Total volume of dry flue gases formed per m3 of gaseous…

Let the volumetric analysis of gaseous fuel be known. The chemical equations for gaseous fuel are as follows: Let the volume fraction of the gaseous fuel contain H2, CO, CH4, C2H4, CO2, and N2, the last two being incombustible gases. The quantity of O2 required m3/m3 of gas Air contains 21% of O2 by volume. Quantity of air required 

1 Percentage of Carbon by Mass in Fuel and Volumetric Analysis is Known We know that 1 kg of flue gas contains   kg of CO and  kg of CO2 Amount of carbon in  kg of  Amount of carbon in  kg of  Total mass of carbon in 1 kg of flue gas  kg Let C = mass fraction of carbon…

Let the fraction of CO, CO2, N2, and O2 by volume of dry exhaust gases by C1, C2, N, and O, respectively, obtained by the Orsat apparatus. The volumetric analysis can be converted into gravimetric analysis, as shown is Table 1.5.   Table 1.5 Conversion from volumetric to gravimetric analysis Σ(4) = ΣX = 28 C1 + 44 C2 + 28 N…

Let C, H, O, and S = percent by mass of C, H2, O2, and S in fuel. Then, the mass of O2 required per kg of fuel for complete combustion Percentage of O2 by mass in air = 23% ∴ Minimum amount of air required in kg per kg of fuel for complete combustion